Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative knowledge of general principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find general truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed knowledge are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, will be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it will be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a general truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered general principles of optics and astronomy.

Teacher factors encompass the teachers’ cognitive and affective characteristics that are likely to affect their instructional efficacy. Language teacher immunity is one of the affective factors that determines the teachers’ psychological well-being in their settings. The present study strived to itemize the factors in novice and experienced EFL instructors’ teacher immunity philosophy. To this end, first, the researchers used convenience sampling for selecting 62 EFL teachers including 38 novice and 24 experienced teachers at ten prominent language institutes in Tabriz (Iran) as the participants. Second, they conducted 30-minute interviews with the participants for determining the factors that influenced their TI philosophy using a researcher-developed semi-structured interview protocol. Lastly, they used thematic analysis in order to particularize the main factors in their teacher immunity philosophy. The findings of the study indicated that while the novice teachers considered external support as the main factor in their philosophy, the experienced teachers regarded their internal strength as the decisive factor that influenced their teacher immunity philosophy. The findings may have practical implications for teacher education courses in foreign language contexts.

Various interpretations have been made of the principle of Expectation or Waiting ( for the Savior ) in light of analytical philosophy of the Absence in the Shiite thought and Mahdism doctrine. This paper offers a critique to all and suggests a comprehensive interpretation based on the philosophy of Waiting. Based on such a comprehensive analysis, the negative side of the issue is not the only side to be stressed. The positive side also gets emphasis as the preparation of individuals and community efforts to establish an Islamic state in order to fulfill different aspects of religion. The development of the believers around the Koran and the Sunnah as the pivots under the leadership of the committed Imams is not possible without such a comprehensive view.

According to Deleuze, it is an expression of the discipline that connects Spinoza's ontology, epistemology, physics, and ethics. In other words, the logic of expression is the logic that governs all the different areas of Spinoza's philosophy, and for this reason, Deleuze named his most detailed study about Spinoza Expression in Philosophy, Spinoza. In this article, I try to have an overview of this book and while examining each section, the concepts proposed in them and the process of the chapters, how Deleuze identifies the presence of the logic of expression in each aspect of Spinoza's philosophy will also be displayed. In this way, the basic concepts in Deleuze's reading of Spinoza will be revealed. In addition, we will see how immanence is related to expression in ontology, and how Deleuze describes the trinity of essence and its results by identifying two levels of expression, creative nature and created nature, as well as the theory of finite states. With respect to physics, the body is an expression of substance, a mode that is essentially an intensive degree of power. In this way, the triad of mode expression is described. In epistemology, the sufficiency of the true idea implies its expression. In ethics, the issue is about capacity and power, which belongs to the human body and mind, since the mind and body are an expression of essence, and therefore a degree of power.

The present article deals with introducing and critically studying the book Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science by Daniel Garber. Garber, one of the most prominent researchers of modern philosophy and contemporary Descartes-scholar, wrote the book in 1980, and it was published by Cambridge University Press. This work has been released in French, yet there is no Persian translation available. It is a collection of articles written separately by author and published in credible philosophical journals. The unifying subject of the articles is the relationship between Descartes’ philosophical and scientific areas of interest. This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content. This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content.

'Post-truth' has become a buzzword for numerous current crises: the fragmentation of the media landscape, the ongoing debate about 'fake news', the loss of trust in science, etc. Although these crises take place in society, it is claimed that the roots of post-truth can be traced back to the history of philosophy. Occasionally, it is asserted that Karl Popper's critical rationalism gave rise to post-truth: His rejection of verificationism has limited truth claims in the realm of science. Given the absence of infallible evidence and certainty, critical rationalism calls for challenging scientific authority. I argue that post-truth is compatible with critical rationalism from an epistemological point of view, considering that both positions are critical of certainty. However, in critical rationalism, fallibilism, responsibility, and the idea of criticism are combined, and in this respect, it offers a possible way to overcome the problems that are associated with post-truth. This treatment of the problems of post-truth results from the recognition of moral responsibility to take action on the basis of a hypothesis that remains open to revision.

This article introduces and evaluates Nietzsche and Philosophy by Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze's book, first published in 1962 in France, was later translated into English in 1983. In the 1960s, the book was a reaction to the predominating Hegelianism of France's Alexandre Kojè ve and Jean Hyppolite, and Deleuze attempts to put Nietzsche against Hegel to show that Hegel's philosophy is a philosophy of difference, plurality, and vitality and vitality of life. This book is just like an introduction to all themes of Deleuze's next books. Three thinkers have a central role in Deleuze's thought: Spinoza, Bergson and Nietzsche. If Spinoza is a father, Bergson will be the son and Nietzsche will be the Holy Spirit. But this article, while analyzing Deleuze's philosophy in this book, seeks to demonstrate that Deleuze narrates another form of Hegelian dialectics in Nietzsche's style, and thus Deleuze's does not escape from the Hegelian dialectical thinking.

Performing the bacteriological tests for potable water is based on research, counting and discrimination of water pollution index (Coliform). In these methods doing the tests needs some preparation before sampling, during sampling and during transporting the samples to laboratory as well as during preparation of cultivation environment. The above mentioned tasks require much equipment and different stages of cultivation. In this project, the Presence-Absence method (P-A ), which examines the presence or absence of pollution index in water is compared to the multiple fermentation technique , which is being used in laboratories all around the country at present, also the replacement of method is evaluated. This project was performed during 3 months and 263 samples were examined by both methods. The results demonstrate 7.01% more sensitivity for P-A method to the other. Comparing quality and quantity of the two methods confirms more benefits for P-A method.

Of the preparation for the age of Appearance (of the Saviour), we can both get ready for his appearance and do actions that will hasten the Appearance. No doubt the behaviors that makes rush in emergence, or delay the emergence is meant to show the influence of human performance. This paper attempted to invoke the tradition, to prove that the underlying meaning of both the right and the documentary tradition, and human performance, has a direct effect in the absence of the Imam.On the other hand, arguably, there is not a cause and effect relationship between people's behavior and Imam's Absence or Presence. Although Absence is due to the misbehavior of the people in general, the Presence will happen with a positive change in people. This article has also attempted to argue that setting the ground is not an independent and different responsibility from other religious duties. Performance of the usual religious duties makes the potential in people to be with Imam and set the grounds for Presence.